Jamaica Veterinary Medical Association

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Brachiaria Grass Toxicity in Ruminants

Signal grass,  Brachiaria brizantha or Brachiaria decumbens, is native to tropical Africa but is now widely distributed in tropical Americas. It gives high productivity under intensive use with low ground fertility and is resistant to pests and disease. In Jamaica it may be found in the hilly, cooler parts of the island and is sometimes the primary source of forage for ruminants.

Depending on soil characteristics, signal grass has a moderately high nutritive value and intermediate to high digestibility. It is, however, associated with liver damage and photosensitization in cattle, sheep and goats.

Pathophysiology

The hepatotoxicity appears to be multifactorial in origin. The grass produces steroidal saponins which undergo metabolism in the rumen to hepatotoxic substances which result in the formation of lithogenic biliary crystals causing a severe cholangiohepatitis, biliary obstruction and periportal hepatocyte necrosis. A saprophytic fungus associated with the grass which produces a toxin called sporidesmin may also be a factor.

Hot, wet conditions, allowing increased grass growth, and possibly fungal growth may increase the risk of toxicity*.

Clinical Effects

Clinically this will result in malaise, weight loss and severe icterus. Liver disease impedes the metabolism of phylloerythrin which is a product of the breakdown of chlorophyll by anaerobic rumen bacteria. Increased levels of phylloerythrin in the blood may result in photosensitization, with hyperkeratotic, ulcerative dermatitis occurring on exposed areas such as the face, ears and dorsum. Facial oedema may also occur. Renal impairment and neurological signs such as incoordination, head-pressing, “star-gazing” or circling may occur in later stages. Death is the ultimate result.

Post mortem findings include generalized icterus, an enlarged, firm, bronze-coloured liver, with swollen mottled kidneys.

 Treatment

Treatment is generally unrewarding unless diagnosed early. It may include supportive medications, reduced sun exposure, the use of skin protectants, removal of the offending grass, and hay feeding to reduce chlorophyll intake. Grazing a mixed pasture which includes at least 30% of another grass may reduce or  eliminate the problem*. 

References:

For detailed information:

Toxicity of Signal Grass (Brachiaria Decumbens) :a Review Article  - Ajwad Awad Mohammed Assumaidaee1,a , Noordin Mohamed Mustapha1 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ajwadassumaidaee@yahoo.com  https://www.sign-ific-ance.co.uk/index.php/JAMR/article/download/323/326

 

Information on the characteristics of signal grass:

http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_decumbens.htm

* Dr. Robert Logan - personal communication


Brachiaria decumbens :http://br.viarural.com/agricultura/plagas/ervas-daninhas/brachiaria-decumbens-02.jpg
Emaciated goat from northern Clarendon showing photosensitization lesions on dorsum, head and ears. Photo courtesy of Calvern Thomas
Photo courtesy of Calvern Thomas
Schmallenburg Virus Disease
The Schmallenberg Virus, named after the town in Germany where it was first isolated, in 2011, is an Orthobunyavirus that infects large and small ruminants resulting in several pathological effects, including digestive, reproductive, neurological and teratogenic problems. It is transmitted by biting flies - so-called midges of the genus Culicoides - the same flies that transmit Blue Tongue. Maternal-foetal transmission may also occur.

Clinical effects include reduced milk production, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, loss of condition. Abortions, stillbirths and mummified foetuses may occur. Congenital deformities may occur in young animals including arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, spinal deformities and blindness. Neurological problems such as ataxia and paralysis may occur.

There is no specific treatment or vaccine at this time and the disease has thus far been confined to Europe. The Schmallenberg Virus does not infect humans.

For details on the Schmallenberg Virus, please click HERE.

Acknowledgements: Dr. Patrick Craig



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